Several universities have certificates of operation to operate UAVs and have been testing extensively with the robust fixed wing systems in anticipation of relaxed FAA laws.Canada has some established companies delivering UAV mapping services. Agribotix map and process large areas of farming country – look them up for ideas of pricing models, case studies and a heap of great information (). centre pivot inspection or corn crop 'scouting') – no real spatial information. Quad-copters are usually just used to capture video (e.g. Some actually buy their own systems at about $20,000 each. US farmers have been experimenting with quad-copter with GoPro and some more adventurous have purchased AgEagle and been mapping larger areas despite current laws.Conferences I attended whilst in the US included: The audience are extremely diverse – from curious farmers, agronomists, all the way to sensor and software companies and interestingly a large presence from insurance companies. There are conferences devoted to UAVs in agriculture.Despite Australia having a better regulated airspace for UAVs than the US, we do not seem to have the start-up culture driving local development. Huge amount of development from existing companies such as Trimble, some exciting well-funded companies such as Precision Hawk and 3D Robotics, early starters that have done well such as AgEagle, down to smaller start-up companies like Agribotix and Swift Radio Planes which are just getting off the ground.Nuffield travels – UAVs in USA and Canada Some potential use cases include crop scouting, site specific weed control and high accuracy topographic mapping.A small fixed wing design is suitable for the grains industry. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been suggested as an ideal way to collect high quality spatial, spectral and temporal data that can assist in productivity gains.Some include repeatability and data calibration, spatial accuracy, handling data processes and integrating with existing precision agriculture systems. Several challenges exist that need to be considered before relying on UAV technology.Cost benefit of UAV versus satellite data should be considered. The operational function of the UAV needs to be understood, but most of the complexity lies in the sensor and data processing. UAVs, like satellite imagery are a remote sensing platform.Agribotix has commercialised the whole workflow from data to actionable information. Despite US lagging behind in regulations to operate unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), there are lots of innovative companies attempting to make money in the space.Research, Development and Extension Data.Neither system is universally superior the choice of which one to employ depends upon what questions a scholar seeks to ask of the object.Business development and commercialisation Our conclusion is that HSI systems can offer valuable information about material composition and history and may shed light on provenance. In this case, the red pigment used on the palimpsest was identified from the hyperspectral data but could not be from the multispectral. However, the superior spectral resolution of the HSI system allowed for the noninvasive and nondestructive identification of inks and pigments and enabled our team to differentiate between even those that appear to be identical to the naked eye. MSI images enabled the identification, transcription, and approximate dating of the palimpsested fragment, but the less visually clear HSI data set failed to fully do so. The MSI system also displayed a superior signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and edge response, meaning that images were clearer and sharper. ![]() MSI was found to have significantly better spatial resolution (the amount of fine detail that the system is capable of capturing), while HSI had vastly better spectral resolution (the number of wavelengths discerned by the system). The data sets were then compared using several metrics and the results outlined. For purposes of comparison, two medieval manuscript fragments-one a palimpsest, the other damaged by abrasion and staining-were imaged using both MSI and HSI systems. The two technologies are discussed in detail, with the aim of explaining their functionality and required methodology to a humanities-oriented audience. This article seeks to clarify the varied utilities of multispectral imaging (MSI) and hyperspectral imaging (HSI) for the purposes of fragment recovery and analysis.
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